Dukahasken aikin da ake caji, šaukuwa zango haskekumamultifunctional fitilar fitilaamfani da nau'in kwan fitila na LED. Don fahimtar ka'idar jagorancin diode, da farko don fahimtar ainihin ilimin semiconductor. Abubuwan gudanarwa na kayan semiconductor suna tsakanin masu gudanarwa da insulators. Siffofinsa na musamman sune: lokacin da semiconductor ya motsa ta hanyar haske na waje da yanayin zafi, ikon tafiyar da shi zai canza sosai; Ƙara ƙananan ƙazanta zuwa na'ura mai tsabta mai tsabta yana ƙara ƙarfin ikon gudanar da wutar lantarki. Silicon (Si) da germanium (Ge) sune na'urorin lantarki da aka fi amfani da su a cikin na'urorin lantarki na zamani, kuma na'urorin lantarki na waje guda hudu ne. Lokacin da silica ko germanium atom suka zama crystal, atom ɗin maƙwabta suna hulɗa da juna, ta yadda electrons na waje za su kasance tare da atom guda biyu, wanda ke samar da tsarin haɗin gwiwa a cikin crystal, wanda shine tsarin kwayoyin halitta wanda ba shi da ƙananan ƙarfi. A dakin da zafin jiki (300K), thermal excitation zai sa wasu daga waje electrons samun isasshen makamashi don rabu da covalent bond kuma zama free electrons, wannan tsari ake kira intrinsic excitation. Bayan electron ɗin ya buɗe don zama electron kyauta, ana barin wani sarari a cikin haɗin haɗin gwiwa. Wannan guraben ana kiransa rami. Bayyanar rami wani muhimmin abu ne wanda ke bambanta semiconductor daga mai gudanarwa.
Lokacin da aka ƙara ƙaramin ƙazanta na pentavalent kamar phosphorus a cikin semiconductor na ciki, zai sami ƙarin electron bayan ƙirƙirar haɗin haɗin gwiwa tare da sauran ƙwayoyin semiconductor. Wannan karin lantarki yana buƙatar ƙaramin ƙarfi ne kawai don kawar da haɗin gwiwa kuma ya zama electron kyauta. Wannan nau'in najasa na'ura shi ake kira Electronic semiconductor (N-type semiconductor). Duk da haka, ƙara ɗan ƙaramin ƙazanta na elemental na trivalent (irin su boron, da sauransu) a cikin semiconductor na ciki, saboda yana da electrons uku kawai a cikin Layer na waje, bayan yin haɗin gwiwa tare da atom ɗin semiconductor da ke kewaye, zai haifar da guraben aiki. cikin crystal. Irin wannan najasa semiconductor ana kiransa rami semiconductor (P-type semiconductor). Lokacin da aka haɗu da nau'in N-type da P-type semiconductor, akwai bambanci a cikin tattarawar electrons kyauta da ramuka a mahaɗin su. Dukansu electrons da ramuka suna bazuwa zuwa ƙananan taro, suna barin caji amma ions marasa motsi waɗanda ke lalata ainihin tsaka-tsakin lantarki na nau'in N-type da P-type. Wadannan barbashi masu cajin da ba sa motsi galibi ana kiran su cajin sararin samaniya, kuma suna tattara su kusa da mahaɗin yankunan N da P don samar da wani yanki mai sirari na cajin sararin samaniya, wanda aka fi sani da PN junction.
Lokacin da aka yi amfani da wutar lantarki ta gaba a ƙarshen mahadar PN (tabbatacciyar ƙarfin lantarki zuwa gefe ɗaya na nau'in P), ramukan da na'urorin lantarki masu kyauta suna kewaya juna, suna ƙirƙirar filin lantarki na ciki. Sabbin ramukan da aka yi musu allura sai su sake haduwa da electrons na kyauta, wani lokaci suna fitar da kuzarin da ya wuce gona da iri ta hanyar photon, wanda shine hasken da muke gani ta hanyar ledodi. Irin wannan bakan yana da ɗan kunkuntar, kuma tun da kowane abu yana da tazarar bandeji daban-daban, tsayin raƙuman raƙuman photon da aka fitar sun bambanta, don haka launukan ledoji suna ƙayyade ta ainihin kayan da ake amfani da su.
Lokacin aikawa: Mayu-12-2023