Masu Gudanar da Filin Shakatawa na Turai Sun Yi Odar Fitilun Sansani Masu Ɗauke da Caji don Hasken Wurin Baƙi da Tsarin Ajiye Gaggawa

Abin da Koke-koken Baƙo Game da Hasken Wurin Yanar Gizo Ya Kashe Mai Aikin Wurin Shaƙatawa na Mita 300 — da Sake Tsarin Tsarin da Ya Warware Shi Har Abada

Har yanzu ina tuna kiran waya. A tsakiyar watan Yuli ne, lokacin da ake yin tafiye-tafiye sosai, kuma wani mai kula da wurin shakatawa na karafa a gundumar Lake ya sami wani bita mai zafi a wani babban dandamali na yin booking. Wata iyali ta isa filin wasansu bayan duhu, ta yi fama da neman lambar da ke jikinsu a cikin duhu, kuma ta shafe mintuna arba'in tana kokawa da ruwan sama tare da wata matsala ta hanyar amfani da kebul na 12V wanda ke aiki a ginshiƙin hasken wurin wasan. Lambar filin wasan ba a iya gani sosai. An lalata lamarin kafin rumfar ta tashi.

Mai kula da wurin — bari mu kira shi Richard — ya yi abin da yawancin masu aiki ke yi a wannan yanayin. Ya tura tawagarsa ta kula da wurin. Tawagar ta shafe kwana uku tana haƙa rami tare da maye gurbin kebul mai tsawon mita 300 da aka binne, a kan farashin da ya kiyasta zai kai kusan £4,200, gami da kayan aiki da aiki. Asalin abin da ya jawo hakan? Haɗin kebul wanda ya lalace a ƙarƙashin hanyar haɗin hanya a lokacin hunturu. An iya hasashen hakan gaba ɗaya. An iya hana shi gaba ɗaya. Kuma wannan shine karo na uku a cikin shekaru bakwai da hakan ta faru.

Wannan gyaran fam 4,200 shine lokacin da ƙungiyar Richard ta fara tantancewa sosaifitilun zango marasa waya masu cajia matsayin madadin ginshiƙan hasken wutar lantarki na dindindin. Mun ga wannan tsari ya maimaita kansa a wuraren shakatawa na caravan a faɗin Burtaniya, Jamus, Faransa, da Netherlands a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata. Lissafi kusan koyaushe yana fitowa kamar haka: yage kayayyakin kebul da aka binne, ya tura fitilun mara waya 30-50 a kan wurin shakatawa mai fadin fili 40, da kuma dawo da jarin cikin watanni 18-24 ta hanyar kawar da gyaran kebul da rage farashin shigarwa na yanayi.

Tsarin Richard da aka sake tsarawa yanzu yana amfani da fitilun lantarki masu jituwa da 48V waɗanda aka ɗora a kan tsayin daka na yanzu, waɗanda ke caji ta hanyar tashar tashar hasken rana ta tsakiya a lokacin hutun lokacin hutu. Kebul ɗin da aka binne ya ɓace. Korafe-korafen tsatsa sun ɓace. Kuma yanzu ana samun sauƙin gano yanayin iyalin da zarar sun isa —sabodaKowace fitila tana ɗauke da ƙaramin farantin fitila mai haske da LED wanda batirin fitilar ke amfani da shi kai tsaye, wani abu da ba a taɓa amfani da shi ba tare da ginshiƙi mai waya mai ƙarfi.

Dalilin da yasa fitilun LED masu sake caji suka maye gurbin fitilun Mantle a wuraren shakatawa na Turai: Yanayin Aiki don Hasken Wurin Mara Waya

Fitilar mantle ta gargajiya — kun san waɗanda suka haɗa da, propane ko butane mai ƙonewa tare da rigar yumbu mai rauni wanda ke buƙatar maye gurbin sau biyu ko uku a kowane kakar — tana ɓacewa a hankali daga wuraren shakatawa na Turai. Ba ma bakin ciki ba ne. Fitilar mantle ta yi hidima a waje fiye da ƙarni ɗaya, amma tattalin arzikin aikinsu ya zama ba zai yiwu ba ga wuraren shakatawa masu daraja na kasuwanci waɗanda ke aiki a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na zamani.

Ka yi la'akari da kwatancen kai tsaye. Fitilar mantel mai inganci tana cinye kimanin 150-200g na LPG a kowace awa idan aka samu cikakken fitarwa. A farashin iskar gas na Turai a yanzu, hakan yana nufin kimanin €0.35-0.50 a kowace fitila a kowace maraice na aiki (8 na dare zuwa 11 na dare). Ga wurin shakatawa mai fitila 50 da ke gudana kowace dare a cikin lokacin kwana 180, farashin mai kaɗai ya kai kimanin €3,150-4,500 a kowace kakar. Wannan adadi bai haɗa da farashin maye gurbin mantel ba (yawanci €1-3 a kowace mantle, wanda aka maye gurbin sau 2-3 a kowace kakar), aikin duba masu kula da kaya, takardun bin ƙa'ida don shigar da iskar gas, ko kuma kuɗin kimanta haɗarin gobara da hukumomin yankin ke buƙata.

Fitilar LED mai caji mai ɗaukar hoto mai ƙarfin 3W a cikakken fitarwa kuma tana aiki awanni 8 akan caji ɗaya tana cinye kimanin 0.024 kWh. A kan €0.28 a kowace kWh (matsakaicin ƙimar wutar lantarki ta kasuwanci ta Turai), wato €0.0067 a kowace maraice - kusan sau 50-75 ya fi rahusa fiye da aikin LPG mantle. An ƙididdige na'urar LED ɗin na tsawon awanni 25,000+, ma'ana fitilar da kanta ba ta buƙatar kwan fitila. Kuɗin da ake biya akai-akai shine wutar lantarki, kuma a waɗannan matakan amfani, ko da ƙaramin panel na hasken rana na 10W ya isa ya ci gaba da caji sosai a lokacin kakar wasa.

Bayan farashi, akwai sauƙin aiki. Idan hasken wurinka ba shi da waya, ba za ka sami kebul na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da zai lalace ba. Ba ka da kwalaben gas da za ka bi da kuma cikawa. Ba ka da yumbun mantle da za ka tara da maye gurbinsu. Kana da fitilar da ke saukowa a ƙarshen kakar wasa, za a sanya ta a tashar caji, sannan ta koma bazara mai zuwa ba tare da abubuwan amfani ba, babu binciken zubewa, kuma babu bin diddigin kebul. Mun yi magana da masu aikin wurin shakatawa a Bavaria waɗanda suka bayyana cewa aikin hasken wurin yana raguwa daga kwana 12 na aiki a kowace kakar zuwa ƙasa da biyu.sabodaFitilun mara waya suna canza wata matsala mai sarkakiya ta ababen more rayuwa zuwa aikin sarrafa kayan aiki mai sauƙi.

Muhimman Bayanai: Yadda Ake Kimanta Lumens, Lokacin Aiki da Baturi, da Matsayin IP don Aikace-aikacen Hasken Waje na Yanayi

Idan kana ƙayyade fitilun da za a iya caji don wurin shakatawa na karafa na Turai, wurare uku na musamman sun cancanci kulawa fiye da yadda aka saba samu: fitowar lumen dangane da tsayin hawa, tsawon lokacin zagayowar baturi da daidaiton lokacin aiki, da kuma ƙimar kariyar shiga don fuskantar yanayi na yanayi.

Fitowar Lumen da Tsawon Hawa

Sau da yawa ana ambaton ƙayyadaddun hasken rana a matakin module ba tare da la'akari da yanayin hawa na gaske ba. Fitila mai ƙarfin lumens 400 zai samar da haske daban-daban a matakin ƙasa dangane da ko an ɗora ta a mita 1.5 ko mita 3, da kuma ko tana amfani da dunƙule mai yaɗuwa ko kuma jerin alkibla.

Don hasken wurin shakatawa na caravan, bayananmu suna nuna waɗannan ma'auni masu amfani:

Lokacin Aiki da Rayuwar Zagaye na Baturi

Iƙirarin lokacin aiki daga masana'antun yana buƙatar bincike. Fitilar da aka tallata a matsayin "lokacin aiki na awanni 12" a wane matakin haske? Mun gwada na'urori waɗanda ke isar da awanni 12 a lumens 50 amma suna raguwa zuwa ƙasa da awanni 4 a cikakken fitarwa na lumen 400. Nemi lanƙwasa lokacin aiki - alaƙar da ke tsakanin saita haske da awanni na aiki. Ga wurin shakatawa inda fitilun ke gudana cikin cikakken dare akan caji ɗaya, kuna buƙatar sanin ainihin lokacin aiki a saitin haske da aka nufa, ba lambar kanun labarai na tallan ba.

Sinadarin batirin yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga amfani da yanayi. Batirin lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) yana ba da zagayowar caji mai cikakken iko 2,000-3,000 tare da ƙarancin raguwar ƙarfin aiki, yayin da lithium-ion na yau da kullun (Li-ion) na iya fara nuna asarar ƙarfin aiki bayan zagayowar 500. Ga wurin shakatawa na yanayi wanda ke caji sau ɗaya a mako a lokacin lokacin aiki na watanni 6, batirin LiFePO4 zai wuce fakitin batirin Li-ion uku zuwa huɗu a cikin shekarun kalanda.sabodaAdadin zagayowar yana taruwa a hankali idan aka kwatanta da yanayin caji na yanayi.

Kayayyakin caji sun cancanci kulawa iri ɗaya. Muna ba da shawarar zaɓar fitilu masu haɗin caji na yau da kullun (USB-C ko tashar maganadisu ta musamman) don guje wa rikicewar kaya na nau'ikan caja iri-iri. Tashar caji ta tsakiya mai ramuka 12-24, inda za a iya adana fitilun kuma a caji su tsakanin yanayi, yana rage lokacin shirya yanayi sosai idan aka kwatanta da caji na toshe-in na mutum ɗaya.

Matsayin IP don Amfani da Yanayi a Waje

Tsarin kimanta IP (Ingress Protection) yana rarraba kariya daga abubuwa masu ƙarfi da ruwa. Don amfani da wurin shakatawa na caravan na Turai, ya kamata a ɗauki IP65 a matsayin mafi ƙarancin takamaiman tsari da aka yarda da shi, kuma ana ba da shawarar IP67 sosai ga wuraren shakatawa a Burtaniya, ƙasashen Nordic, da Tsakiyar Turai inda ruwan sama na lokacin rani ke yawaita kuma yana da ƙarfi.

Matsayin IP65 yana nufin fitilar ba ta da ƙura kuma tana da kariya daga jiragen ruwa daga kowace hanya. Wannan yana magance ruwan sama na yau da kullun da kuma tsaftace bututun ruwa. IP67 yana ƙara kariya daga nutsewa na ɗan lokaci - ya dace da wuraren shakatawa kusa da tafkuna, yankunan bakin teku, ko kuma a cikin kwari masu fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa inda fitilar za ta iya nutsewa a lokacin mummunan yanayi. Bambancin farashi tsakanin na'urorin IP65 da IP67 yawanci shine 15-25%, kuma ga wuraren shakatawa da ake gudanar da kasuwanci, muna ɗaukarsa a matsayin kuɗin da aka kashe sosai.

Tsarin Kwarewar Baƙi: Yadda Masu Gudanar da Filin Shakatawa na Turai Ke Amfani da Hasken Wurin don Bambanta Wurare Masu Kyau

Ga wani abu da ya canza sosai a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata: hasken wurin ya zama abin ƙira na musamman ga baƙi a manyan wuraren shakatawa na Turai, ba wai kawai wajibi ne na tsaro ba. Lokacin da iyalai ke kwatanta wuraren shakatawa uku ko huɗu a matakin yin rajista, ingancin yanayin maraice a filin wasa na iya zama abin da ke yanke shawara - kuma haske babban ɓangare ne na wannan yanayin.

Mun yi aiki tare da masu aiki a Faransa, Netherlands, da Switzerland waɗanda suka gabatar da farashin filin wasa mai tsari wanda aka tabbatar da ingancin haskensa. Filin wasa mai tsari yana samun fitilar lumen 150 guda ɗaya a gaban filin. Filin wasa mai tsada - wanda farashinsa ya fi Yuro 8-15 a kowace dare - yana samun fitilu biyu a lumens 300 kowannensu, ƙaramin tsiri na LED tare da layin rumfa, da kuma tashar caji ta USB da aka gina a cikin ginshiƙin hasken. Filin wasa mai tsada yana farawa a kowane lokaci. Mai aiki yana dawo da ƙarin kuɗin fitilar a cikin rajista shida na farko.

Wannan ba game da wadata ba ne. Yana game da abin da iyalai ke buƙata a zahiri. Iyaye suna kafa rumfa tare da yara suna yawo suna buƙatar ganin abin da suke yi. Suna buƙatar nemo teburin zango, akwatin sanyi, da tocilan da ba za su iya samu ba. Suna buƙatar karanta lambar sitiyarin lokacin da suka isa cikin duhu. Sitiyarin da ke da haske sosai yana magance duk waɗannan matsalolin a lokaci guda,sabodaAn riga an tsara kuma an sanya hasken maimakon a yi amfani da fitilun gaba da fitilun waya.

Masu aiki a Scandinavia sun yi kirkire-kirkire musamman a nan. Wuraren shakatawa da dama da muke samarwa a kudancin Sweden yanzu suna amfani da fitilun da za a iya caji tare da yanayin launi mai daidaitawa - fari mai dumi (2700K) don yanayi na yamma da fari mai sanyi (4000K) don hasken aiki. Farin mai dumi yana ƙirƙirar yanayi wanda baƙi ke bayyana a cikin bita akai-akai a matsayin "mai daɗi" da "yanayi" - sifofi waɗanda ba sa bayyana a cikin bita na wuraren shakatawa da hasken wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi 12V ke haskakawa akan na'urori masu auna motsi.

Hasken Gaggawa na Ajiyar Gaggawa: Dalilin da Ya Sa Bukatar Bin Ka'idojin EN 50171 Ta Sanya Fitilun Masu Caji Su Zama Dole a Shigar da Sansanin Kasuwanci

EN 50171 shine ma'aunin Turai wanda ke kula da tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na tsakiya don hasken gaggawa. Idan kuna gudanar da sansani mai daraja ta kasuwanci a cikin EU - ma'ana duk wani wuri mai filayen wasa da aka yi rijista a matsayin kasuwancin yawon bude ido - wannan ma'aunin ba zaɓi bane. Canjin ƙasa na EN 50171 yana aiki a kowace ƙasa ta EU, kuma yawanci ana duba bin ƙa'idodi yayin sabunta lasisin kasuwanci.

Babban buƙatun ƙa'idar don tsawon lokacin hasken gaggawa da aminci sun yi daidai da ƙayyadaddun fitilun lithium-ion na zamani masu caji - shi ya sa masu aiki a wurin shakatawa ke ƙara ambaton bin ƙa'idodin EN 50171 a matsayin babban abin da ke haifar da yanke shawara kan ƙayyadaddun fitilun, ba wai kawai tanadin farashin aiki ba.

EN 50171 yana buƙatar tsarin hasken gaggawa don kiyaye haske na ɗan lokaci bayan ya lalace. Ga wuraren sansani, ana fassara wannan a matsayin aƙalla awanni 3, kodayake yawancin masu inshora da hukumomin yankin suna buƙatar awanni 8 don wuraren da baƙi ke kwana. Fitilar mai caji mai inganci mai ƙarfin lumens 100-150 zai iya jure wannan fitarwa na tsawon awanni 8+ akan cikakken caji.sabodaIngancin LED a ƙananan matakan haske (lumens 150 shine kusan kashi 40% na matsakaicin fitilun 400-lumen) yana ba da damar tsawaita lokacin aiki mai ban mamaki.

Abin da EN 50171 ya umarta shi ne a gwada shi. Ma'aunin yana buƙatar a riƙa gwada tsarin hasken gaggawa akai-akai - yawanci gwaje-gwajen aiki na wata-wata da gwaje-gwajen tsawon lokaci na shekara-shekara. Tare da tsarin da aka haɗa da waya mai ƙarfi, wannan yana buƙatar ƙwararren ma'aikaci don ware wutar lantarki da kuma lura da tsarin hasken. Tare da tarin fitilun da za a iya caji a matsayin tsarin gaggawa, gwajin ya zama: shin fitilun suna caji? Kuna iya tabbatar da wannan cikin mintuna ta hanyar duba alamun cajin LED akan kowane na'ura, maimakon tsara lokacin da ma'aikacin lantarki zai ziyarci wurin dubawa na awanni biyu.

Ajiya da Kula da Lokacin Hutu: Yadda Ake Tsawaita Rayuwar Batirin Fitilar da Za A Iya Caji A Duk Lokacin Rufe Filin Shakatawa na Yanayi

Wuraren ajiye motoci na lokacin hawa suna gabatar da ƙalubale na musamman na adana batir. Ana amfani da fitilun na tsawon kimanin watanni 5-7 a kowace shekara, sannan a adana su na tsawon watanni 5-7. Ga batirin gubar-acid - wanda har yanzu ake samu a wasu fitilun da ke da araha - wannan tsarin kekuna yana da illa musamman. Ga batirin lithium-ion da LiFePO4, ajiyar da ta dace a lokacin hutu na iya tsawaita rayuwar sabis mai amfani zuwa shekaru biyar ko fiye.

Babban matsalar ita ce fitar da kansa. Duk sinadaran lithium-ion suna fitar da kansa a cikin adadin kusan 3-5% a kowane wata a 20°C. Ga fitilar da aka adana a cikakken caji a watan Satumba, hakan yana nufin zai rasa kashi 15-20% na cajinsa nan da Disamba. A yanayin caji na kashi 40%, ƙwayoyin lithium-ion suna shiga cikin kewayon ƙarfin lantarki inda narkar da jan ƙarfe zai iya farawa akan anode yayin caji - wata hanyar lalatawa wacce ke rage ƙarfin aiki har abada. A yanayin caji na kashi 0% (wanda aka bar shi gaba ɗaya a lokacin hunturu), lalacewar na iya zama mai tsanani.

Shawarar da muka bayar game da lokacin hutun bazara abu ne mai sauƙi kuma yana ɗaukar ƙasa da awa ɗaya don wurin shakatawa mai fitila 40:

1. A tattara dukkan fitilun a ƙarshen kakar wasa. A duba ko akwai lahani a jiki, a tsaftace duk wani datti ko kwari da suka taru, sannan a tabbatar cewa hatimin IP ɗin yana nan.
2. Cikakken cajin kowace fitila zuwa kashi 100%. Wannan yana ɗaukar awanni 3-5 dangane da tsarin caji.
3. A ajiye fitilun a wuri mai yanayin zafi (wanda ya fi dacewa 10-15°C, ba ƙasa da 0°C ba) a cikin tashoshin caji ko a kan ɗakunan ajiya a buɗe. Zafin ɗaki abin karɓa ne; ya kamata a guji yanayin sanyi don masana kimiyyar lithium-ion.
4. A sake caji zuwa kashi 100% a kowace kwana 90. Wannan mataki guda ɗaya - cajin ƙarin kuɗi na kwata-kwata - yana hana fitar da ruwa mai zurfi kuma yana iya tsawaita tsawon rayuwar batirin da shekaru 2-3 idan aka kwatanta da ajiyar da ba a gyara ba.
5. Kafin buɗewar bazara, yi cikakken zagayen caji kuma ka tabbatar cewa kowace fitila tana isar da ƙimar fitowar lumen a daidai lokacin aiki. Duk wani na'ura da ta kasa riƙe caji ko kuma ta nuna raguwar lokacin aiki ya kamata a cire ta daga aiki kuma a tantance ta don maye gurbin baturi.

Muna da masu aiki a Austria waɗanda ke adana fitilun a ofishinsu, wanda ake dumama shi duk shekara. Sun ba da rahoton cewa motocin fitilun da aka kula da su yadda ya kamata ba su nuna raguwar ƙarfinsu ba bayan shekaru uku na amfani - a lokacin ne ake juya fitilun zuwa matsayin "rangwame na yau da kullun" sannan a maye gurbinsu da sabbin na'urori a kan fitilun ...

Dalilin da yasa nake ba da shawarar Layin Lantarki Mai Caji na MT Outdoor ga Masu Aikin Filin Shakatawa na Turai

Bayan na yi aiki da takamaiman fitilun a wurare da dama na sansanonin kasuwanci na Turai, na ƙirƙiro ƙa'idodi bayyanannu don abin da ke sa fitilar da za a iya caji ta dace da yanayin kasuwanci - kuma layin samfurin MT Outdoor ya cika waɗannan ƙa'idodi ta hanyoyin da suka fi muhimmanci ga masu gudanar da wurin shakatawa.

MT Outdoor — bisa hukuma Ningbo Mengting Outdoor Implement Co., LTD. — suna ƙera wani nau'in fitilun lantarki mai caji na kasuwanci wanda ke magance ƙalubalen ajiya na yanayi. Na'urorin fitilun su suna amfani da ƙwayoyin LiFePO4 a matsayin daidaitattun (ba madadin Li-ion mai rahusa da ake samu a cikin na'urorin masu amfani ba), wanda ke ba su tsawon rayuwa ta zagaye 2,000+ da ake buƙata don amfanin kasuwanci na yanayi da yawa. Matsayin IP67 akan samfuran su na musamman yana magance yanayin ruwan sama na Nordic da Tsakiyar Turai ba tare da gazawar sassan da aka rufe ba da muke gani a cikin na'urorin masu amfani da IP65 bayan yanayi biyu zuwa uku.

Tsarin caji yana da daidaito. Kowace fitila tana amfani da tashar caji mai maganadisu wanda ke haɗawa da adaftar wutar lantarki ta USB-C ta ​​yau da kullun, ma'ana masu aiki za su iya samo masu caji masu maye gurbinsu daga kowace mai samar da kayan lantarki maimakon a kulle su cikin tsarin mallakarsu. Ga ƙungiyoyin kula da wuraren shakatawa waɗanda ke kula da fitilun sama da 40-100, wannan ba ƙaramin fa'ida ba ce ta aiki.

Ana kimanta fitowar lumen da gaskiya. MT Outdoor tana ƙayyade fitowar lumen a matakin module ɗin da aka gwada, ba a matsayin ƙimar guntu na LED na ka'ida ba - wanda ke nufin samfurin 400-lumen da gaske yana isar da lumens 380-410 a lokacin farawa, maimakon adadi na 400-lumen wanda ke raguwa zuwa lumens 280 cikin mintuna 30 kamar yadda wasu na'urorin masu fafatawa ke yi. Ga masu aiki waɗanda ke ƙayyade hasken wuta don cika matakan jin daɗi da ake buƙata don bambance-bambancen sauti mai kyau, wannan gaskiya a cikin ƙayyadaddun bayanai yana da mahimmanci.

Mun tura fitilun waje na MT a wuraren shakatawa a faɗin Burtaniya, Jamus, da Scandinavia, kuma ƙimar gazawar a cikin yanayi uku na farko ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 2% - wanda ya yi daidai da ƙimar gazawar shekara-shekara na kashi 8-12% da muka gani tare da madadin darajar masu amfani a cikin aikace-aikacen iri ɗaya. Farashin naúrar farko ya kusan kashi 20-30% sama da zaɓuɓɓukan matakin masu amfani, amma idan aka yi la'akari da raguwar ƙimar sauyawa, gyaran kebul da aka cire, da kuma sauƙaƙe bin ƙa'idodi, jimillar farashin mallakar a cikin shekaru biyar ya yi ƙasa sosai.

Idan kuna tantance fitilun da za a iya caji don shigar da wurin shakatawa na karafa na Turai kuma kuna son tattauna zaɓuɓɓukan ƙayyadaddun bayanai don takamaiman tsarin wurin shakatawa da tsarin aiki, ƙungiyar fasaha ta MT Outdoor za ta iya samar da tsarin taswirar lumen bisa ga tsarin filin wasan ku da matakan jin daɗi da ake so. Ya cancanci kiran minti 20 kafin ku kammala duk wani shawara game da siyan.

Tambayoyin da Ake Yawan Yi

Kayayyaki Masu Alaƙa

Bincika cikakken jerin hanyoyin samar da hasken waje mai caji na MT Outdoor:

• Duba duk samfuran hasken waje
• Fitilar Zango ta Retro tare da Tsaya Mai Juyawa 360° — samfurin RGB yana samuwa
• Lantern mai wayo na LED tare da Sync Music — samfurin gaggawa mai ɗaukuwa
• Hasken Haska Mai Kariya Mai Kariya Mai Ruwa Mai Cike da Haske Mai Kyau — don manyan wuraren da aka yi amfani da su

Tushe:Rukunin BSI— Ka'idojin Turai da jagororin bin ƙa'idodi |RINA— Ayyukan ba da takardar shaida da gwaji na EU |CBI— Bayanan sirri na kasuwar Turai ga masu fitar da kayayyaki daga masana'antu

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